🌿Growing Cannabis🌿
Title: Growing Cannabis for Beginners
A Comprehensive Guide
Table of Contents
Introduction
Understanding Cannabis
Setting Up Your Grow Space
Choosing the Right Genetics
How to Grow Cannabis with Fluorescent Lights
Germination and Seedling Stage
Vegetative Stage
Flowering Stage
Nutrients and Feeding Schedule
Environmental Factors
Pest and Disease Management
Harvesting and Curing
Conclusion
FAQ
About the Author
Introduction
Welcome to "Growing Cannabis for Beginners" by Charlie Thompson For Ely Wholesale. Whether you're growing for personal use or considering entering the cannabis cultivation business, this guide will equip you with the essential knowledge and skills to cultivate healthy and potent cannabis plants.
Chapter 1: Understanding Cannabis
Before diving into cultivation, it's crucial to understand the cannabis plant itself. This chapter covers the anatomy of cannabis, its lifecycle, and the differences between various strains.
Understanding cannabis involves exploring its various aspects, including its botanical properties, its effects on the human body, its historical and cultural significance, its legal status, and its potential medicinal and recreational uses.
Botanical Properties: Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three primary species: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. The plant contains hundreds of chemical compounds, including cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids.
Effects on the Human Body: The psychoactive effects of cannabis are primarily attributed to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of its main cannabinoids. THC interacts with the endocannabinoid system in the human body, which regulates various physiological and cognitive processes. Other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), have different effects and are being studied for their potential therapeutic benefits.
Historical and Cultural Significance: Cannabis has been used for thousands of years for various purposes, including as a source of fiber, food, medicine, and recreation. It has played significant roles in different cultures and societies throughout history, from ancient civilizations to modern times.
Legal Status: The legal status of cannabis varies widely around the world. Some countries have legalized cannabis for medical and/or recreational use, while others maintain strict prohibition laws. In recent years, there has been a trend toward legalization and decriminalization in many regions, driven by changing attitudes, public opinion, and emerging scientific research.
* Update...As of April 2024, recreational marijuana is legal in 24 states, or nearly half the country, according to the Pew Research Center.
The states where recreational weed is legal are Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. It is also legal in Washington, D.C.
Recreational use, where legal, is limited to adults 21 years of age and older.
Additionally, some states had passed legislation to legalize recreational marijuana, but the laws had not yet gone into effect or were still being implemented as of this writing.
Please verify the current status of recreational marijuana legalization in individual states by consulting recent sources or official government websites for the most up-to-date information.*
Medicinal and Recreational Uses: Cannabis has a range of potential medicinal applications, including pain management, appetite stimulation, nausea relief, and treatment of certain medical conditions such as epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. Additionally, many people use cannabis recreationally for relaxation, euphoria, creativity, and socialization.
Understanding cannabis involves considering all these aspects and recognizing that its use can have both benefits and risks, depending on factors such as dosage, frequency of use, individual differences, and the method of consumption. Ongoing research and education are essential for making informed decisions about cannabis use and policy.
Chapter 2: Setting Up Your Grow Space
Creating the right environment is key to successful cannabis cultivation. This chapter discusses indoor vs. outdoor growing, the importance of lighting, ventilation, temperature, and humidity control, as well as the significance of grow tents or rooms.
Setting up a grow space for cultivating cannabis involves several key steps to ensure optimal conditions for plant growth and health. Here's a guide to setting up your grow space:
Choose the Right Location: Select a suitable location for your grow space, considering factors such as privacy, security, ventilation, and access to electricity and water. Indoor grow spaces can be set up in spare rooms, closets, basements, or dedicated grow tents, while outdoor spaces should have access to sunlight and protection from pests and harsh weather.
Controlled Environment: Maintain control over environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light, and airflow. Invest in equipment such as grow lights, fans, air filters, humidifiers, and heaters or air conditioners to create an optimal growing environment. Use a thermometer and hygrometer to monitor temperature and humidity levels regularly.
Lighting: Choose appropriate lighting for your grow space based on the stage of plant growth and your budget. Options include fluorescent, LED, and high-intensity discharge (HID) lights. Ensure proper coverage and intensity to promote healthy plant growth and maximize yield. Adjust the light cycle (typically 18-24 hours of light for vegetative growth and 12 hours of light for flowering) using a timer.
Ventilation and Air Circulation: Maintain good airflow and ventilation to prevent heat buildup, humidity issues, and the spread of pests and diseases. Install exhaust fans to remove stale air and bring in fresh air, as well as oscillating fans to promote air circulation within the grow space.
Growing Medium: Choose a suitable growing medium for your cannabis plants, such as soil, soilless mix, coco coir, or hydroponic systems. Ensure proper drainage and aeration to prevent waterlogging and root rot. Consider using fabric pots or smart pots for better air pruning and root development.
Nutrients and pH: Provide your plants with the necessary nutrients for each stage of growth, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and micronutrients. Monitor the pH levels of your nutrient solution or growing medium using a pH meter and adjust as needed to maintain optimal pH levels for nutrient uptake.
Pest and Disease Management: Implement preventive measures to protect your plants from pests such as spider mites, aphids, and fungus gnats, as well as diseases like powdery mildew and botrytis. Use organic pest control methods whenever possible and keep the grow space clean and free of debris.
Security and Safety: Ensure the security of your grow space to prevent theft or unauthorized access. Consider installing locks, security cameras, and alarms if necessary. Follow safety protocols when working with electrical equipment, chemicals, and other potentially hazardous materials.
By following these steps and paying attention to detail, you can set up a successful grow space for cultivating cannabis and enjoy a bountiful harvest of high-quality flowers.
Chapter 3: Choosing the Right Genetics
Selecting the appropriate cannabis genetics is vital for achieving your desired outcomes. This chapter explores the differences between indica, sativa, and hybrid strains, as well as factors to consider when choosing seeds or clones.
Selecting the right genetics is crucial when growing cannabis, as it determines many aspects of the plant, including its growth characteristics, yield, potency, and even flavor. Here are some key factors to consider when choosing cannabis genetics:
Strain Type: Cannabis comes in three main types: indica, sativa, and hybrid. Indica strains tend to be relaxing and sedating, sativa strains are often energizing and uplifting, while hybrids offer a mix of both effects. Choose a strain type that aligns with your desired effects.
112 Strains Listed @ The Bottom Of This Page
THC and CBD Levels: Consider the levels of THC (the psychoactive component) and CBD (cannabidiol, which has various therapeutic effects) in the strain. Higher THC levels produce stronger psychoactive effects, while higher CBD levels offer more medicinal benefits without as much of a high.
Yield: Some strains naturally produce higher yields than others. If you're growing for personal use, you may not need a high-yielding strain, but if you're cultivating for commercial purposes, selecting a high-yield strain can be beneficial.
Growing Conditions: Different strains thrive in different environments. Consider factors such as climate, indoor vs. outdoor cultivation, available space, and your level of experience as a grower. Some strains are more resilient and forgiving of fluctuations in growing conditions.
Flowering Time: The length of time it takes for a plant to mature and start flowering varies between strains. If you have a specific timeline in mind or want to minimize the overall growing cycle, choose a strain with a shorter flowering period.
Resistance to Pests and Diseases: Some strains are naturally more resistant to common pests and diseases, which can make them easier to grow, especially for beginners.
Flavor and Aroma: Cannabis strains can have a wide range of flavors and aromas, from fruity and sweet to earthy and spicy. Consider what flavors and scents you enjoy, as this can enhance your overall experience with the plant.
Breeder Reputation: Look for reputable breeders known for producing high-quality genetics. Research breeders' reputations, read reviews, and consider recommendations from experienced growers.
Personal Preferences: Ultimately, the best strain for you will depend on your personal preferences, whether you prioritize potency, flavor, medicinal benefits, or other factors.
By considering these factors and doing thorough research, you can select the right genetics for your cannabis cultivation needs. Additionally, experimentation is key—don't be afraid to try different strains to find what works best for you.
Chapter 4: How to Grow Cannabis with Fluorescent Lights
💡 Grow Lights
Fluorescent lights may not always be the first choice, especially considering LED and HID lights, but they do serve a purpose in many cannabis grow rooms. Here are some of the reasons why you may want to consider using fluorescent grow lights for growing cannabis.
Fluorescent lights, a variety of grow light, generate illumination through a chemical process occurring within the bulb. Infused with specific gases and mercury, the bulb triggers a reaction resulting in a phosphor coating. This coating emits UV light, advantageous for cannabis cultivation.
Although imperceptible to human eyes, UV light profoundly benefits cannabis plants. It induces abiotic stress, prompting the plant to synthesize secondary metabolites as a defense mechanism. These metabolites manifest as cannabinoids and terpenes, coveted components.
Beyond UV emission, fluorescent lights boast additional advantages for cannabis cultivation. They exhibit higher efficiency and lower operating temperatures compared to HID or HPS lights. Additionally, they tend to be more economical than LED lights.
Fluorescent lights facilitate the creation of lighting conditions resembling natural sunlight within grow rooms. For many cultivators, particularly those with budget constraints, fluorescent lights represent an optimal choice, as elaborated in subsequent sections.
Growing cannabis with fluorescent lights is possible, although it might not be as efficient as using other types of lighting such as LED or HID lights. However, if fluorescent lights are what you have available or prefer to use, here's a basic guide on how to grow cannabis with them:
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Choose the Right Fluorescent Lights: For growing cannabis, you'll want to use fluorescent tubes specifically designed for plant growth. T5 fluorescent lights are commonly used for this purpose. They come in different spectrums, including warm white (2700K), cool white (6500K), and full spectrum. Full spectrum bulbs are ideal as they provide a balanced spectrum of light that cannabis plants need for both vegetative and flowering stages.
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Set Up Your Grow Space: Create a suitable grow space for your cannabis plants. This could be a grow tent, a closet, or any other area where you can control the environment effectively. Ensure proper ventilation and air circulation to prevent mold and mildew.
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Positioning the Lights: Hang the fluorescent lights above your cannabis plants. Keep them as close to the plants as possible without causing heat stress or burning. As a general rule, T5 fluorescent lights should be placed about 2-4 inches above the canopy during the vegetative stage and 6-12 inches during the flowering stage.
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Provide Proper Light Schedule: During the vegetative stage, cannabis plants typically require 18-24 hours of light per day. You can set your fluorescent lights on a timer to provide this consistent light schedule. During the flowering stage, switch to a 12-hour light cycle (12 hours of light followed by 12 hours of darkness) to induce flowering.
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Monitor Temperature and Humidity: Fluorescent lights emit less heat compared to other lighting options, but it's still important to monitor the temperature in your grow space. Aim for temperatures between 70-85°F (21-29°C) during the day and slightly cooler at night. Keep humidity levels between 40-60% to prevent mold and mildew.
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Nutrients and Watering: Cannabis plants require nutrients for healthy growth. Use a balanced fertilizer formulated for cannabis plants and follow the manufacturer's instructions. Water your plants when the top inch of soil feels dry, but be careful not to overwater, as this can lead to root rot.
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Training and Pruning: As your cannabis plants grow, you may need to train them to promote even canopy growth and maximize light exposure. Techniques like topping, pruning, and low-stress training (LST) can help you achieve this.
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Monitor Plant Health: Keep an eye on your plants for signs of nutrient deficiencies, pests, or diseases. Address any issues promptly to ensure healthy growth and maximize yields.
Summary: How to Grow Cannabis with Fluorescent Lights?
Fluorescent grow lights are nothing extraordinary. They are bare basics grow lights that you may already be using to light up your living room. And while there are better alternatives out there, for many growers, fluorescent grow lights work just as well. It’s a perfect example of don’t fix if it ain’t broken.
They have several benefits: they are cheap and easy to buy, energy efficient, easy to use, and produce even light throw. So, pick the right wattage or lumens of fluorescent grow lights (around 10,000 lumens for a single plant), and set it all up.
Use cooler lights during the seedling and vegetative stages, and switch to warmer fluorescent grow lights during the flowering stage. It may seem like too much effort but the results will more than surprise you.
By following these steps and providing your cannabis plants with the right conditions, you can successfully grow them using fluorescent lights. However, keep in mind that fluorescent lights may not produce as high yields as other lighting options, so adjust your expectations accordingly.
Chapter 5: Germination and Seedling Stage
Learn the best practices for germinating cannabis seeds and nurturing seedlings through their early growth stages. This chapter covers techniques for germination, transplanting seedlings, and providing the right conditions for healthy development.
The germination and seedling stage is a crucial phase in the life cycle of plants. Here's a breakdown of what happens during these stages:
Germination: Germination is the process by which a seed begins to sprout and grow into a new plant. It typically involves the following steps:
Water absorption: The seed absorbs water, causing it to swell and activate enzymes.
Activation of enzymes: Enzymes within the seed become active and start breaking down stored nutrients (such as starch) into simpler forms that the growing plant can use.
Growth of the embryo: The embryo inside the seed begins to grow and push through the seed coat.
Emergence of the radicle: The first root, called the radicle, emerges from the seed and starts to grow downward into the soil.
Emergence of the shoot: As the radicle grows, the shoot (containing the stem and first leaves) emerges from the seed and grows upward toward the light.
Seedling Stage: Once the seed has germinated and the seedling has emerged from the soil, it enters the seedling stage. This stage is characterized by rapid growth and development as the young plant establishes itself. Key features of the seedling stage include:
Establishment of roots: The root system continues to grow and develop, anchoring the seedling in the soil and absorbing water and nutrients.
Development of true leaves: The seedling produces its first true leaves, which are different from the cotyledons (seed leaves) that initially emerged from the seed. True leaves are usually characteristic of the species and resemble the leaves of mature plants.
Photosynthesis: With the emergence of true leaves, the seedling becomes capable of photosynthesis, producing its own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
Vulnerability to environmental factors: Seedlings are often more susceptible to environmental stressors such as drought, pests, and disease compared to mature plants. Proper care and management are essential during this stage to ensure healthy growth.
Overall, the germination and seedling stage is a critical period in the life of a plant, setting the foundation for its future growth and development. Providing adequate water, nutrients, and environmental conditions during this stage is essential for promoting healthy plant growth.
Chapter 6: Vegetative Stage
During the vegetative stage, cannabis plants focus on leaf and stem growth. This chapter delves into proper lighting schedules, nutrient requirements, pruning, and training techniques to maximize vegetative growth.
During the vegetative stage of marijuana growth, the plant focuses on developing strong roots and a robust stem structure in preparation for flowering. This stage typically lasts anywhere from two to eight weeks, depending on various factors such as strain, growing conditions, and desired plant size. Here are some key aspects to consider during the vegetative stage:
Lighting: Provide your plants with ample light, preferably in the blue spectrum (5000-6500K) to promote vegetative growth. Most indoor growers use high-intensity discharge (HID) lights, LEDs, or fluorescent lights.
Nutrients: Marijuana plants need nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) along with other micronutrients during the vegetative stage. Look for a balanced fertilizer with higher nitrogen content to support leafy growth.
Watering: Keep the soil or growing medium moist, but not waterlogged. Overwatering can lead to root rot and other issues. Allow the top layer of soil to dry slightly between waterings.
Temperature and Humidity: Maintain temperatures between 70-85°F (21-29°C) and humidity levels around 40-60%. Proper ventilation is crucial to prevent mold and mildew growth.
Air Circulation: Good air circulation helps strengthen the stems and prevent pests and diseases. Use fans to keep the air moving around your plants.
Pruning and Training: Some growers choose to prune or train their plants during the vegetative stage to encourage bushier growth and increase yields. Techniques like topping, low-stress training (LST), and the Screen of Green (SCROG) method can be employed.
Transplanting: If you started your plants in small pots, you may need to transplant them into larger containers during the vegetative stage to allow for root expansion.
pH Levels: Monitor the pH of your water and nutrient solution to ensure optimal nutrient uptake. Marijuana plants generally prefer a slightly acidic pH level between 6.0 and 7.0.
Light Schedule: Maintain a consistent light schedule of 18-24 hours of light per day during the vegetative stage. Some growers switch to a 12-12 light cycle to induce flowering, but this is done later.
By providing the right conditions during the vegetative stage, you can set your marijuana plants up for a healthy and productive flowering period.
Chapter 7: Flowering Stage
As cannabis plants transition into the flowering stage, their focus shifts to bud production. This chapter discusses the lighting adjustments needed to induce flowering, managing nutrient ratios, and recognizing signs of plant sex and maturity.
During the flowering stage, marijuana plants transition from vegetative growth to producing buds. Here's what you need to know:
Lighting: Provide 12 hours of uninterrupted darkness followed by 12 hours of light daily. This mimics the natural light cycle change in autumn, triggering flowering.
Nutrients: Shift to a bloom-specific nutrient formula with higher levels of phosphorus and potassium. These nutrients support flower formation and bud development.
Temperature and Humidity: Maintain temperatures between 68-78°F (20-25°C) during the day and slightly cooler at night. Keep humidity levels around 40-50% to prevent mold and bud rot.
Air Circulation: Proper air circulation helps prevent mold and encourages strong stem growth. Fans or adequate ventilation systems are crucial.
Pruning: Trim larger fan leaves to improve airflow and light penetration to lower bud sites. However, be cautious not to stress the plants too much.
Support: As buds develop and get heavier, they may need support to prevent branches from breaking. Stakes or trellises can help.
Pest and Disease Management: Regularly inspect plants for pests and diseases. Treat any issues promptly to prevent damage to the flowers.
Monitoring: Keep a close eye on your plants throughout the flowering stage. Monitor their progress and adjust environmental conditions or nutrient levels as needed.
Harvest: Harvest time varies depending on the strain and desired effects. Generally, plants are ready for harvest when the majority of trichomes have turned cloudy or amber.
Remember, the flowering stage is a crucial time for marijuana plants, and attention to detail can greatly impact the quality and yield of your harvest.
Chapter 8: Nutrients and Feeding Schedule
Understanding the nutritional needs of cannabis plants is essential for optimizing growth and yields. This chapter covers the primary macronutrients and micronutrients required, as well as how to create a feeding schedule tailored to your plants' needs.
Sure, I can provide some general guidance on the nutrients and feeding schedule for marijuana plants. However, please note that the specific requirements can vary depending on factors such as the strain of marijuana, the growth stage of the plant, the type of growing medium (soil, hydroponic, etc.), and environmental conditions. It's always a good idea to monitor your plants closely and adjust your nutrient regimen accordingly.
Nutrients:
Marijuana plants require a balance of macro and micronutrients for healthy growth. These include:
Nitrogen (N): Essential for vegetative growth and the production of chlorophyll.
Phosphorus (P): Important for root development, flower formation, and overall plant health.
Potassium (K): Aids in various physiological processes, including nutrient uptake and flower development.
Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg): Necessary for cell structure and enzyme function.
Sulfur (S): Helps with the synthesis of amino acids and proteins.
In addition to these primary nutrients, marijuana plants also require various micronutrients such as iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron, and molybdenum in smaller quantities.
Feeding Schedule:
The feeding schedule for marijuana plants typically varies based on the growth stage. Here's a general guideline:
Seedling Stage (Week 1-2): During this stage, seedlings are delicate, and overfeeding can harm them. Start with a very mild nutrient solution or even just water. Monitor the plants closely for signs of nutrient deficiencies or excesses.
Vegetative Stage (Week 3-8 or longer): Once your plants have developed several sets of leaves and are growing vigorously, you can start gradually increasing the nutrient concentration. A balanced N-P-K ratio with additional micronutrients is usually recommended during this stage to support healthy vegetative growth.
Pre-flowering Stage (Transition Period): As your plants begin to show signs of pre-flowering (usually signaled by the appearance of pistils), you may want to adjust your nutrient mix to promote flower development. This often involves reducing nitrogen levels while increasing phosphorus and potassium.
Flowering Stage (Week 9-12 or longer): During the flowering stage, marijuana plants require higher levels of phosphorus and potassium to support the development of buds. Some growers also switch to bloom-specific nutrient formulations during this stage to meet the changing needs of the plants.
Flushing (Final 1-2 Weeks): Towards the end of the flowering stage, many growers choose to flush their plants with plain water to remove any excess nutrients and improve the taste and smoothness of the final product.
Always follow the manufacturer's instructions when using nutrient solutions, and remember to regularly monitor your plants for any signs of nutrient deficiencies or excesses. Adjust your feeding schedule and nutrient concentrations accordingly to ensure optimal growth and health.
Chapter 9: Environmental Factors
Maintaining a stable growing environment is critical for preventing stress and ensuring healthy plant development. This chapter explores the ideal temperature, humidity, air circulation, and CO2 levels for cannabis cultivation.
When discussing the environmental factors that affect marijuana cultivation, several key elements come into play:
Climate: Marijuana plants thrive in specific climates. They require temperatures between 60-80°F (15-27°C) during the growing season. Additionally, marijuana plants are sensitive to frost, so frost-free climates are preferable.
Light: Light is crucial for marijuana growth. Outdoor cultivation relies on natural sunlight, while indoor cultivation requires artificial lighting. The duration of light exposure also affects the plant's growth stages.
Water: Marijuana plants need consistent watering, but overwatering can lead to root rot and other problems. The ideal soil moisture level depends on factors like humidity, temperature, and the plant's stage of growth.
Soil: The soil quality directly impacts marijuana plants' health and yield. Well-draining soil rich in nutrients is optimal. Soil pH should be between 6 and 7 for best results. Some growers also use hydroponic systems, which involve growing plants in water instead of soil.
Air Quality: Good air circulation is essential for preventing mold, mildew, and other plant diseases. Indoor growers often use fans and ventilation systems to maintain proper airflow.
Nutrients: Marijuana plants require various nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients like iron and zinc. Growers often use fertilizers to ensure their plants receive the necessary nutrients.
Pests and Diseases: Like any plant, marijuana is susceptible to pests and diseases. Common pests include spider mites, aphids, and caterpillars, while diseases like powdery mildew and gray mold can also affect plant health.
Altitude: Altitude can impact marijuana cultivation, especially in outdoor settings. Higher altitudes may have lower temperatures and reduced atmospheric pressure, which can affect plant growth and nutrient absorption.
Humidity: Humidity levels influence marijuana plant growth and susceptibility to mold and mildew. Ideal humidity levels vary depending on the plant's growth stage but generally range between 40% and 60%.
Pollution and Contaminants: Environmental pollution and contaminants, such as heavy metals or pesticides, can negatively impact marijuana plants' health and the safety of the final product.
By carefully managing these environmental factors, growers can optimize marijuana cultivation to achieve healthy plants and high yields.
Chapter 10: Pest and Disease Management
Protecting your cannabis plants from pests and diseases is essential for a successful harvest. This chapter identifies common pests and diseases, prevention strategies, and organic and chemical control methods.
When discussing the environmental factors that affect marijuana cultivation, several key elements come into play:
Climate: Marijuana plants thrive in specific climates. They require temperatures between 60-80°F (15-27°C) during the growing season. Additionally, marijuana plants are sensitive to frost, so frost-free climates are preferable.
Light: Light is crucial for marijuana growth. Outdoor cultivation relies on natural sunlight, while indoor cultivation requires artificial lighting. The duration of light exposure also affects the plant's growth stages.
Water: Marijuana plants need consistent watering, but overwatering can lead to root rot and other problems. The ideal soil moisture level depends on factors like humidity, temperature, and the plant's stage of growth.
Soil: The soil quality directly impacts marijuana plants' health and yield. Well-draining soil rich in nutrients is optimal. Soil pH should be between 6 and 7 for best results. Some growers also use hydroponic systems, which involve growing plants in water instead of soil.
Air Quality: Good air circulation is essential for preventing mold, mildew, and other plant diseases. Indoor growers often use fans and ventilation systems to maintain proper airflow.
Nutrients: Marijuana plants require various nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients like iron and zinc. Growers often use fertilizers to ensure their plants receive the necessary nutrients.
Pests and Diseases: Like any plant, marijuana is susceptible to pests and diseases. Common pests include spider mites, aphids, and caterpillars, while diseases like powdery mildew and gray mold can also affect plant health.
Altitude: Altitude can impact marijuana cultivation, especially in outdoor settings. Higher altitudes may have lower temperatures and reduced atmospheric pressure, which can affect plant growth and nutrient absorption.
Humidity: Humidity levels influence marijuana plant growth and susceptibility to mold and mildew. Ideal humidity levels vary depending on the plant's growth stage but generally range between 40% and 60%.
Pollution and Contaminants: Environmental pollution and contaminants, such as heavy metals or pesticides, can negatively impact marijuana plants' health and the safety of the final product.
By carefully managing these environmental factors, growers can optimize marijuana cultivation to achieve healthy plants and high yields.
Pest and Disease Management for marijuana
Managing pests and diseases in marijuana cultivation is crucial for maintaining plant health and maximizing yields. Here are some effective strategies for pest and disease management:
Preventative Measures:
Start with healthy, disease-free plants.
Quarantine new plants before introducing them to your cultivation area to prevent the spread of pests and diseases.
Practice good hygiene by regularly cleaning tools, equipment, and growing containers to prevent the buildup of pathogens.
Cultural Practices:
Maintain proper spacing between plants to improve airflow and reduce the risk of disease spread.
Remove and destroy any infected or diseased plant material promptly to prevent further spread.
Rotate crops to prevent the buildup of pests and diseases in the soil.
Biological Control:
Introduce beneficial insects such as ladybugs, predatory mites, and parasitic wasps to control pest populations naturally.
Use microbial products containing beneficial bacteria and fungi to suppress pathogenic organisms in the soil and on plant surfaces.
Mechanical Control:
Use physical barriers like row covers to prevent pests from accessing plants.
Handpick pests such as caterpillars or aphids when populations are low.
Install sticky traps to monitor and trap flying pests like whiteflies and fungus gnats.
Chemical Control:
Use pesticides as a last resort and only when necessary. Choose products that are labeled for use on cannabis and follow the instructions carefully.
Rotate between different classes of pesticides to prevent the development of pesticide resistance.
Consider organic and botanical pesticides as safer alternatives to synthetic chemicals.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
Implement an integrated pest management approach that combines multiple strategies for long-term pest and disease control.
Monitor plants regularly for signs of pests and diseases and take action promptly if any issues are detected.
Keep detailed records of pest and disease occurrences, as well as the effectiveness of control measures, to inform future management decisions.
Environmental Management:
Maintain optimal growing conditions, including proper temperature, humidity, and airflow, to minimize stress on plants and reduce their susceptibility to pests and diseases.
Avoid overwatering, as excessive moisture can create favorable conditions for fungal diseases.
By employing these strategies and staying vigilant, growers can effectively manage pests and diseases in their marijuana crops while minimizing the need for chemical interventions.
Chapter 11: Harvesting and Curing
Harvesting cannabis at the right time and curing it properly are crucial steps in preserving potency and flavor. This chapter discusses harvesting techniques, drying and curing methods, and how to store your harvested buds for long-term freshness.
I can provide some general information about harvesting and curing marijuana, but please note that I'm limited in what I can offer due to policy restrictions. Here's an overview:
Harvesting:
Timing: Harvesting should ideally occur when the trichomes (tiny resin glands on the flowers) are at their peak potency. This is usually indicated by a change in color, from clear to cloudy or amber.
Trimming: After cutting the plants, you'll need to trim away the large fan leaves and excess foliage to focus on the flower buds.
Drying: Hang the trimmed buds upside down in a dark, well-ventilated room with moderate humidity (around 50-55%) to dry. This process can take around 5-15 days depending on environmental conditions and plant size.
Curing:
Jar Method: Once the buds are dry, place them in airtight glass jars. This helps to preserve flavor, potency, and overall quality.
Burping: During the curing process, "burp" the jars daily by opening them for a few minutes to release built-up moisture and allow fresh air in. Gradually decrease the frequency over a few weeks.
Monitoring: Keep an eye on the buds for signs of mold or excessive moisture. If you notice any issues, remove affected buds immediately.
Patience: Curing can take several weeks to a few months for optimal results. The longer the cure, the smoother and more flavorful the final product.
Proper harvesting and curing are crucial for maximizing the quality and potency of your cannabis crop. It's also important to research and adhere to local laws and regulations regarding cultivation and consumption.
Chapter 12: Conclusion
Congratulations on completing "Growing Cannabis for Beginners" by Charlie Thompson For Ely Wholesale © 2024. Armed with the knowledge and skills gained from this guide, you're well on your way to becoming a successful cannabis cultivator. Remember, patience, attention to detail, and a love for the plant are key to achieving great results.
Start your journey into the world of cannabis cultivation today with "Growing Cannabis for Beginners" © 2024. Happy growing!
Ten Frequently Asked Questions About Growing Cannabis
1. What is the difference between cannabis, hemp, and marijuana?
Hemp and marijuana are closely related types of Cannabis that are often referred to as high and low THC cannabis. The difference between them is similar to the difference between sweet corn and field corn. Both are Zea mays, but sweet corn makes high-sugar kernels, and field corn makes starch-filled kernels. Sweet corn and field corn differ by only a few genes. Similarly, hemp and marijuana differ by only a few genes.
Cannabis varieties of both hemp and marijuana differ in outward appearance and in the production of over a hundred compounds in the class called cannabinoids. The two most common cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compound responsible for the “high” often associated with Cannabis, and cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive sibling of THC with a unique set of characteristics and reported medical benefits (Nahler, 2019). These cannabinoids are the major difference between marijuana and hemp.
High THC Cannabis: Marijuana
Marijuana is the common name for Cannabis varieties that have been bred to have high THC levels, often containing 15–30% THC by weight. Marijuana is grown exclusively for the unpollinated female flower, where THC concentration is highest. Marijuana is classified as a Schedule 1 controlled substance by the federal government, but some states have legalized it for medical and recreational use. Where marijuana is legal, growers benefit from a remarkably high value for their crop. Recent marijuana prices range from about $750 to $1,750 per pound, depending on the quality and method of production (U.S. Cannabis Spot Index, 2018).
2. Why does plant gender matter?
Hemp differs from many other crops because it is primarily dioecious, meaning it has separate male and female plants. In addition, hermaphroditic plants with both male and female reproductive structures do occur. This creates unique issues for growers hoping to produce a high CBD crop because CBD is most concentrated on unpollinated female flowers. Pollination significantly reduces crop value, so an all-female field is important when hemp is grown for CBD. The pollination of hemp plants can reduce the essential oil yield from 2 to 0.9 gallons/acre, a 56% decrease (Meiner & Mediavilla, 1998). Male plants produce pollen that fertilize female plants, which causes seed production, lower flower counts, and decimates CBD levels (DeDecker, 2019). The distance that hemp pollen can travel is unknown, but due to cross-pollination risks, fields should be at least 3 miles apart (Small & Antle, 2003). However, some recommendations suggest up to a 15-mile isolation distance to be safe (DeDecker, 2019).
3. How and when can I detect plant gender?
Both male and female plants can be identified at the pre-flowering stage. Female flowers have two white fuzzy hair-like structures protruding from them, differentiating them from males early on. Male flowers are round, lack the white hairs, and generally occur in dense clusters. Cannabis is a short-day plant (requires longer periods of darkness than daylight to flower), so they will start to flower when day and night lengths are approximately equal. Male plants will produce pollen for a span of two to four weeks (DeDecker, 2019). If a male is identified in a hemp field grown for CBD, it should be removed and buried, burned, or carefully stored to prevent pollination of the females.
4. Should I purchase seed or clones?
There are two ways to produce a cohort of all females in hemp: clonal propagation and feminized seed. Clonal propagation involves taking a cutting from a mother plant and allowing it to establish roots. This method results in genetically identical, all-female plants with excellent vigor and predictable traits.
Feminized seeds are produced by treating female plants with chemicals such as silver thiosulfate, which can cause a female plant to develop male flowers that produce genetically female pollen (Lubell & Brand, 2018). The female pollen is used to pollinate a female flower, resulting in seeds that can be over 99% female. Feminized seeds are less expensive than clones but result in genetically different plants. They have a greater chance of producing male and hermaphroditic plants. Hemp grown from feminized seed requires careful and repeated scouting to remove male plants, increasing the total cost of production. This scouting should begin at the pre-flower stage when males can be distinguished and continue throughout the entire flowering period. Plants grown from seed have the added benefit of potentially producing a stronger taproot if sown directly into the field, while plants grown from clones develop a more fibrous root system (Horner et al., 2019). This is generally true for many types of seed vs. clones and is not specific to feminized seed. However, germination rates in the field can be poor, and often seeds are germinated in trays and transplanted into the field. When this happens, the taproot may not get a chance to penetrate deep into the soil early on and negate the potential agronomic benefits of using seed.
In summary, both feminized seed and female clones have advantages and disadvantages that should be considered before growing hemp. It is critical that growers use extreme caution when purchasing feminized seed because there is currently no certification program for feminized seed in the United States.
5. Which varieties for cannabinoid production do best in Utah?
Data provided by the Utah Department of
Agriculture and Food Industrial Hemp Program.
When selecting varieties to plant, consider the number of frost-free days, labeled cannabinoid production, and other factors of interest such as plant size, vigor, and growth habits. Several varieties grow well in Utah, but CBD and THC levels are highly variable among them. There is little testing of varieties, so evaluate information about a preferred option before selection, and consider planting several varieties. In general, focus on varieties that have a high CBD concentration and a low THC concentration. Avoid varieties that are prone to “going hot,” or exceeding the 0.3% THC limit. The field containing plants that are tested above this level by the state’s agriculture department must be destroyed.
In 2019, the Utah Department of Agriculture and Food (UDAF) tracked all varieties that were registered by licensed growers that year (Figure 3). ‘Cherry Wine’ and ‘Cherry Blossom’ were the most planted, and ‘Sour Space Candy’ and ‘Tokyo’ were among the least. Of the samples collected and tested, 10% exceeded the legal THC level of 0.3% and had to be destroyed. The varieties that most frequently went hot were ‘Abacus,’ ‘Lifter,’ and ‘Wife.’
6. What yield and CBD/THC ratio might I expect?
According to UDAF records, there were over 3 million industrial hemp plants grown in Utah in 2019 when hemp was first legalized. Growers harvested an estimated 800,000 pounds of biomass that year. The dry flower yield of the plants typically ranged from 0.75 to 1.5 pounds per plant. State tests determined an average CBD content of 5.3% and average THC content of 0.28%. This means the average CBD/THC ratio was about 20 to 1. Most varieties that have been studied in controlled environments have a similar ratio.
7. How much fertilizer and other inputs should I apply to my hemp?
Hemp can be grown in a wide range of environments and soils. In general, growers have found success growing hemp under field conditions favored by grain crops such as wheat and corn (Kaiser et al., 2015). Like many crops, hemp does best in soils with a pH ranging from about 6.0–7.0 (Harper et al., 2018). Most Utah soils have pH levels above this ideal range, but hemp produced in 2019 and 2020 tolerated higher pH levels. Well-drained soils are preferred, and due to its high sensitivity to compaction, avoid growing hemp in soils with high clay contents (Baxter & Scheifele, 2009).
The suggested fertilizer recommendations vary depending on region and initial soil fertility. Perform a soil test in the prior fall or early spring before planting to determine fertilizer needs. Fertilizer recommendations for corn or winter wheat (Cardon et al., 2008) provide a good baseline for fertilizer amounts that will help maximize hemp yield.
For pest management, there are currently few pesticides labeled for industrial hemp, so control weeds, insects, and diseases through careful planning and preventive practices. When hemp is grown in the same field year after year, pest pressure can increase, so crop rotation is the centerpiece of any pest management strategy. Only grow hemp in fields where weeds have been actively and successfully managed in previous years so the amount of weed seed in the soil seedbank is minimal. A stale seedbed technique for weed management is common, where the soil is prepared for planting and pre-irrigated, allowing weeds to germinate and be removed before planting hemp. After hemp plants are established and actively growing, limited pesticide options may necessitate hand-weeding or between-row cultivation. The hemp canopy closes quickly, helping reduce weed growth, but is dependent on row spacing and planting method.
8. How does frost affect CBD and THC levels?
Once mature, hemp is a relatively hardy plant and can withstand frost well. A study at the University of Vermont in 2018 tracked the difference in temperatures and resulting CBD levels of hemp plants between those with fabric row covers and those left uncovered. They found that though the uncovered hemp plants experienced below freezing temperatures several times throughout the study, the overall CBD concentration was unaffected. They also found that frost and cold weather can cause the plants to change color, but this has little to no impact on CBD or THC levels (Darby, 2019). Some have found that frost’s ability to change the color of hemp plants also varies depending on the cultivar or variety of the plant (Bolt, 2020). Like almost every other annual crop, hard frosts will stop plant growth and cause hemp plants to begin senescence.
9. How do I harvest hemp?
The harvesting methods for industrial hemp vary greatly depending on the intended uses for the plants. The major uses include oil, seed, and fiber.
CBD
Because no equipment exists on the market specifically to harvest CBD hemp, most of the harvesting process must be done by hand or by retrofitting existing equipment. The hemp is ready for harvest when the trichomes on the hemp buds shift from white to milky white. It is important to routinely monitor and test the plants to avoid exceeding the 0.3% THC limit while still maximizing the CBD content.
When harvesting hemp for oil, plants are commonly cut down at the base using a machete or blade of some kind. After they are cut, hang the plants upside down to air or heat dry (Figure 5). Breaking the plants down and separating them into individual branches will allow for better airflow and quicker drying. Ideal drying temperatures reported by some growers are between 60–70°F with humidity levels around 45–55%. Higher temperatures, as well as light and oxygen, can degrade cannabinoids and reduce flower quality. Therefore, maintain a cool and dark storage environment.
After the plants dry, growers strip the buds and leaves from the stems, either by hand or custom-built equipment. Bag the dried flowers and leaves and send them to a processor to have the oil extracted and dispose of the remaining plant.
Fiber
When growing hemp for the fiber, harvest plants between early bloom and seed-set or when about 20% of the male plants are flowering (William & Mundell, n.d.). Large parts of this process can occur using traditional hay-harvesting equipment, making it much simpler than other hemp harvesting methods.
The hemp is windrowed with a swather when mature, leaving about 4–6 inches of stubble in the field, where the hemp will then need to go through the retting process. Retting consists of leaving the cut hemp out in the field to dry for anywhere from two to five weeks. Retting helps break the bonds between the two types of hemp plant fibers: the bast (long outer fibers) and the hurds (short inner fibers). Rake the hemp two to three times throughout retting to keep the plants from rotting and remove leaves, making it easier to transport.
When the plants reach a moisture content of 15%, bale them using traditional baling equipment. The bales should have a moisture content of about 10%. Bale the hemp into either round or square bales, but round bales are less compact and therefore less susceptible to rotting.
Hemp Seed or Grain
Conventional grain harvesting equipment also accommodates harvesting hemp grain or seed. Use a combine to cut and chop the hemp plants. The hemp plants must be at 70–80% grain maturity at harvest to avoid seed shattering. The combine settings will be similar to those for grain sorghum, with the cutter bar raised about 40 inches off the ground. This decreases the amount of plant material going through the combine, thus reducing the risk for plants getting wrapped up in the machinery.
When harvest-ready, the hemp plants’ moisture will most likely be in the 15–30% range, making the seed or grain very susceptible to spoilage soon after harvest. It is best to clean the seed and dry it down to 7–10% shortly after harvest.
10. Who can process my hemp and where can I sell it?
This is a difficult question to answer as it varies greatly from place to place. Many growers have recently reported difficulty in finding places to sell and market hemp grown for oil. Hemp prices plummeted in 2020, and many frustrated growers could not process or sell their product. Some growers turned to specialty or direct marketing for income. Many lost large investments. Like any other specialty crop, it is wise to consult with an attorney to develop legal and binding contracts with hemp processors and buyers prior to investing in and growing hemp to guarantee that markets exist for harvested hemp. We recommended starting small to ensure that you do not lose more investment than you or your farm can afford. Unfortunately, we have received reports of farm failures due to large investments in unprofitable hemp acres. Thus, we suggest that growers use extreme caution when investing in production of hemp for CBD oil.
About the Author
Charlie Thompson (Ely Wholesale) is a seasoned expert in the wholesale bulk industry, with years of experience in sourcing, selling, and scaling businesses. Through this ebook, he shares valuable insights and strategies to help aspiring entrepreneurs succeed in the Cannabis growing market.
Copyright © 2024 by Ely Wholesale
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Disclaimer
The information provided in this ebook is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for Professional/Legal advice or guidance. Readers are encouraged to consult with relevant experts or professionals regarding specific growing related issues or concerns.
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